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DUBROVNIK - HISTORY
Dubrovnik was founded by joining two small towns: Laus, a town on a small island off the southern Dalmatian coast, which provided shelter for the Italic refugees from the nearby city of today's Cavtat; and Dubrava, a settlement of Slavic immigrants at the foot of the forested Srđ hill.
The strip of wetland between the two parts of the town, was reclaimed in the 12th century, unifying the city around the newly-made plaza (today Placa or Stradun). The plaza was paved in 1468 and reconstructed after the earthquake of 1667. The city was fortified and two harbours were built on each side of the isthmus.
From its establishment in the 7th century, the town was under the protection of the Byzantine Empire. After the Crusades, Ragusa/Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of Venice (1205–1358), and by the Peace Treaty of Zadar in 1358 it became part of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom.
Between the 14th century and 1808 Dubrovnik ruled itself as a free state named Respublica Ragusina, the Republic of Ragusa also known as the Republic of Dubrovnik. The Republic of Ragusa reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, when the Dubrovnik thalassocracy rivalled the Republic of Venice and other Italian maritime republics. During this time in Dubrovnik worked one of the most famous cannon and bell founder of this time: Ivan Rabljanin (Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle).
Many Conversos (Marranos)
were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May,
1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees,
as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John.
The city was ruled by
aristocracy that formed two city Councils (Vijeće). They maintained a
strict system of social classes, but they also abolished slave trade
early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The city
successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice
and the Ottoman Empire for centuries.
The Republic gradually declined after a crisis of Mediterranean shipping — and especially a catastrophic earthquake in 1667. In 1699 it was forced to sell two patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to protect itself from the advancing Venetian forces.
Its final demise was caused not by Venice, but by Napoleon's forces, which conquered first the Venetian territories and then the Dubrovnik republic in 1806. At first Napoleon demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusians. Later, however, French forces blockaded Dubrovnik's harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and coats of arms above the city walls were painted black as a sign of grief. In 1808, Marshal Marmont abolished the republic and integrated its territory into the Illyrian provinces.
In 1815,
by the resolution of Congress of Vienna, Dubrovnik was annexed to the
Austrian Empire (from 1867 Austria-Hungary), and remained in the crown
land of the Kingdom of Dalmatia until 1918. In 1815 the former Ragusan
Government, i.e. its noble assembly, met for the last time in the
ljetnikovac in Mokosica. Once again heavy efforts were undertaken to
reestablish the Republic however this time it was all in vain. The
senators were the following ones:
Orsato Savino, conte di Ragnina;
Niccolo Matteo di Gradi; Niccolo Niccolo di Pozza, Clemente, conte di
Menze, Marino Domenico, conte di Zlatarich, Wladislao, conte di Sorgo;
M. Conte di Cerva, Niccolo conte di Saracca; Pietro Ignazio di
Sorgo-Cerva; Paolo Wladislao, conte di Gozze; Nicollo Gio, conte di
Sorgo, Matteo Nicollo di Ghetaldi; Savino conte di Giorgi; Pietro
Giovanni conte di Sorgo; Marino Nicollo conte di Sorgo, Sebastiano di
Gradi; Matteo Niccolo di Pozza; Segismondo di Ghetaldi; Niccolo Luigi
conte di Pozza; Wladislao Paolo conte di Gozze, Marino di Bona; Marco
Niccolo conte di Pozza; Giovanni conti di Gozze, Francesco conte di
Zamagna; Matteo Niccolo conte di Sorgo; Carlo conte di Natali, Orsato
conte di Cerva, Matteo Conte di Cerva, , Niccolo conte di Giorgi;
Segismondo conte di Sorgo; Biagio M. Di Caboga; Conte Giovani di Menze;
Niccolo Matteo di Sorgo; B.D di Ghetaldi; Gio Biagio, conte di Caboga;
Marino Matteo di Pozza, conte di Sagorio, Luca Antonio conte di Sorgo;
conte di Giorgi Bona; Giovanni conte di Sorgo; Giovanni conte di
Natali, Antonio Luca conte di Sorgo, Rafaelle Giovanni conte di Gozze;
Natale Paolo conte di Saraca; natale Conte di Ghetaldi.
After the fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out and
emigrated overseas. Others were recognized for the Austrian Empire.
In 1848, the Croatian Assembly (Sabor) published the People's Requests
in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and
the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia. The Dubrovnik Municipality was
the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for
unification with Croatia. A letter was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb
with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to
lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A
large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire
(The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal
system for the Habsburg territories, the inclusion of Dalmatia into
Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood.
In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog knjizevstva), in which Petar Preradovic published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.
In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Ragusa. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Ragusa gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from the ramparts, and exhibiting the slogan: Ragusa with KotorŸ. The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucic. Niko Pucic went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.
In 1883 was the death of politician Niko Pucic (born 1820). He was a member of the Croatian Assembly and champion of the unification of Dalmatia (particularly Ragusa) with Croatia. He was the editor of the review Ragusa and founder of the review Slovinac. In the same year died Ivan August Kaznacic (born 1817), publicist and promoter of the Illyrian cause. He edited the review Zora dalmatinska (Dalmatian Dawn) and founded the Dubrovnik review L'Avvenire.
In 1893, the minister of the city, the Baron Francesco Gondola, opened the monument for Ivan Gundulic in Piazza Gundulic (Gondola).
Although colloquially known to its residents as Dubrovnik for centuries, the city's official name was Ragusa and was only changed to Dubrovnik only in 1918 with the fall of Austria-Hungary and the incorporation of the area into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
At the very beginning of the World War II, Dubrovnik was first part of the Independent State of Croatia. From April 1941 until September 1943, Dubrovnik was occupied by the Italian army and after that by the Germans. In October 1944, the Partisans liberated Dubrovnik from the Germans and it became part of the second Yugoslavia in 1945.
Despite the demilitarization of the old town by the Yugoslav People's Army in the 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from becoming a casualty of war, following Croatia's independence in 1991, the same army attacked and surrounded the city on October 1, 1991 and the siege lasted until May 1992. The heaviest artillery attack happened on December 6 with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Total casualty in the conflict on this area according to the Croatian Red Cross were 114 killed civilians, among them the celebrated poet Milan Milisić (born 1941).
Following the end of the war, a major rebuilding project led by the Croatian authorities and UNESCO began. They rebuilt the city in the ancient style to keep its sense of beauty and history. As well as rebuilding damaged buildings, surviving structures were strengthened against earthquakes. As of 2005, most damaged buildings in the city have been repaired.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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