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LEARN SERBIAN

LESSON: GRAMMAR

Part 1: Imenice - Nouns

Nouns are words which have changing endings and they are used to name people, places, things and phenomena. In Serbian language all nouns have a gender: masculine, feminine and neutral. The great majority of masculine nouns ends with a consonant, while the majority of feminine nouns ends with the letter “a” (tetka – aunt, olovka – pencil etc), but there are feminine nouns that end with a consonant such as peć – stove. Neutral nouns end with letters “o” or “e” like in words dijete – a child or in vino – wine.

The nouns in Serbian language have the number (singular and plural) and declensions (they have 7 cases). Except nouns, adjectives, numbers, ordinal numbers and pronouns also can be declined.

Part 2: Padeži - Cases

The cases are:

1.Nominative (usually it is a subject and you can get the nominative by answering the questions who? and what?
2. Genitive (it is a possessive and the questions to get a genitive are of whom?, And of what?)
3. Dative (it is the indirect object and the questions for dative are to whom? And to what?)
4. Accusative (is the direct object, and the questions are whom? and what?)
5. Vocative (calling someone e.g. Petre - the nominative is Petar)
6. Instrumental (the questions are with whom? and with what?)
7. Locative (the questions are about whom? and about what?)

Part 3: Zamjenice – Pronouns

SINGULAR
	I	YOU	HE/SHE/IT
N	ja	ti	on/ona/ono
G	mene/me	tebe/te	njega/ga, nje/je, njega/ ga
D	meni/mi	tebi/ti	njemu/mu,njoj/joj,njemu/mu
A	mene/me	tebe/te	njega/ga, nju/ju/je, njega/ga
V	-	ti	-
I	sa mnom	tobom	njim, njom, njim
L	meni	tebi	njemu, njoj, njemu
PLURAL
	WE	YOU	THEY
N	mi	vi	oni/one/ona
G	nas	vas	njih/ih
D	nama/nam	vama/vam	njima/im
A	nas	vas	njih/ih
V	-	vi	-
I	nama	vama	njima
L	nama	vama	njima

Part 3.1: Prisvojne zemjenice – Possesive pronouns

Posessive pronouns are; moj – mine, tvoj – yours, njegov – his / njen- hers, naš – ours, vaš – yours, njihov –theirs

SINGULAR
	MY	YOUR	HE/SHE/IT
N	moj	tvoj	njegov/njen
G	moga	tvoga	njegovog/njenog
D	mome	tvome	njegovom/njenom
A	mog/moj	tvog/tvoj	njegovog/njenog, njegov/njen
V	-	-	-
I	mojim	tvojim	njegovim/njenim
L	mom	tvom	njegoovom/njenom
PLURAL
	OUR	YOUR	THEIR
N	naš	vaš	njigov
G	našeh	vašeg	njihovog
D	našem	vašem	njihovom
A	našeg-naš	vašeg-vaš	njihovog-njihov
V	-	-	-
I	našim	vašim	njihovim
L	našem	vašem	njihovom

Part 3.2: Pokazne zamjenice – Demonstrative pronouns

Pronouns are used as demonstratives:

• ovaj (m.), ova (f.), ovo (n.) – This;
• ovi (m.), ove (f.), ova (n.) – These;
• onaj (m.), ona (f.), ono (n.) – That;
• oni (m.), one (f.), ona (n.) – Those.

Part 4: Glagoli - Verbs

We also have verbs and they are conjugated in three persons both singular and plural.

Serbian language has two auxiliary verbs and they are: Biti (to Be) and Htjeti (Will). These auxiliary verb forms are forming tenses such as perfect tenses and future tenses.

Sadašnje vrijeme - Present tense

AUXILIARY VERB: BITI “TO BE“
SINGULAR
	Stressed form	Unstressed form
1.	jesam (I am)	sam (I’m)
2.	jesi (are)	si (You’re)
3.	jeste (is)	je(He/she/it’s)
PLURAL
1.	jesmo (We are)	smo (We’re)
2.	jeste (are)	ste (You’re)
3.	jesu (are)	su (They’re)

AUXILIARY VERB: HTJETI “WILL”
SINGULAR
	Stressed form	Unstressed form
1.	hoću (I will)	ću (I’ll)
2.	hoćeš (You will)	ćeš(You’ll)
3.	hoće (He/she it will)	će (He/she/it’ll)
PLURAL
1.	hoćemo(We will)	ćemo(We’ll)
2.	hoćete (You will)	ćete (You’ll)
3.	hoće (They will)	će (They’ll)

The infinitive form of all the verbs in Serbian language end either in – ti (as in the verb učiti – learn) or in – ći (as in the verb teći – flow)

	Učiti – to learn	Misliti – to think	Jesti – to eat
SINGULAR
1.	Ja učim – I am studing	Ja mislim – I think (or I am thinking – depending on the continuation of the sentence)	Ja jedem – I am eating
2.	Ti učiš – You are studing	Ti misliš – You think	Ti jedeš – You are eating
3.	On/ona/ono uči He/she/it is studing	On/ona/ono misli – He/she/it thinks	On/ona/ono jede – He/she/it is eating
PLURAL
1.	Mi učimo – We are studing	Mi mislimo – We think	Mi jedemo – We are eating
2.	Vi učite – You are studing	Vi mislite – You think	Vi jedete – You are eating
3.	Oni uče – They are studing	Oni misle – They think	Oni jedu – They are eating

Prošlo vrijeme - Past tense

Past tense – All past action in Serbian laguage continuous and sipmle can be uttered in the past tense. The past tense is formed from the present tense of the auxiliary verb BITI „to BE“ (sam, si, je, smo, ste, su) and the avtive past participle of the main (changing) verb. This participle is formed by cutting of the infinitive ending –ti or –ći and adding the appropriate gender ending which are:

• Masculine – o
• Feminine – la
• Neutral – lo

So for e..g. the participle of the verb misliti would be: Mislio (m.), mislila (f.), and mislilo (n.)

Učiti – to learn
SINGULAR
1.	ja sam radio(m.)/radila(f.) I work or I was working	radio/radila sam
2.	ti si radio(m.)/radila(f.)/radilo(n.) you were working	radio si/ radila je/ radilo je
3.	on je radio(m.)/ona je radila(f.)/ono je radilo(n.) he was workin/she was working/it was working	radio/radila/radilo je
PLURAL
1.	mi smo radili(m.)/radile(f.) We worked or We were working	radili/radile smo
2.	Vi ste radili (m.)/radile (f.) You worked or You were working	radili/radile ste
3.	oni su radili(m.)/one su radile(f.)/ona su radila(n.)	Radili/radile/radila su

Buduće vrijeme – Future tense

Future tense – is used to indicate the actions that are about to happen or which will happen at some point in the future. In Serbian laguage this tense is formed from the present tense of the auxilary verb HTJETI “to have“ (ću,ćeš,će,ćemo,ćete,će) and the infinitive form of the main verb.

SINGULAR
1.	ja ću pisati (I will write)	pisaću
2.	ti ćeš pisati (you will write)	pisaćeš
3.	on/ona/ono će pisati (he/she/it will write)	pisaće
PLURAL
1.	mi ćemo pisati (we will write)	pisaćemo
2.	vi ćete pisati (you will write)	pisaćete
3.	oni/one/ona će pisati (they will write)	pisaćemo

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